Traits of the Hero Essay Example For Students

Characteristics of the Hero Essay HerculesTheseusJasonBirth/Childhood?Son of Zeus and his human mother, Alcmene. ?Sibling is Iphicles. ?Hera was continually attempting to execute him.?Son of the Athenian King, Aegeus. ?Gone through his adolescence with his mom in southern Greece. We will compose a custom article on Traits of the Hero explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now ?As far as anyone knows lived age before. ?Child of ruler Aeson. Character Flaws?Loses control of himself when irate. ?Blended personalities?Forgot to raise the white banner when he voyaged home from Crete so his dad thought he was dead and he executed himself. ?ForgetfulnessJourney/Quest?To complete the 12 works so as to apologize for murdering his family and others doled out to him by Eurystheus. ?Went with Jason on the mission for the Golden Fleece. ?He made a trip to Crete to be one of the penances yet he intended to execute the Minotaur. ?Prevailing by choking the monster. ?Likewise went with Jason on the mission for the Golden Fleece.?To get the Golden Fleece again from Colchis and King Aetes. Tests/TrialsThe Twelve Labors:? The Nemean Lion? Lernean Hydra? Cerynitian Hind? Erymanthian Boar? Pens of Augeas? Stymphalian Birds?Cretan Bulls?Mares of Diomedes? Belt of Hippolyte? Steers of Geryon? Apples of Hesperides?The Hound of Hades.?Being ready to roll away the stone to get to the blade and shoes. ?Managing judgment to the criminals who hurt individuals going by the road.?Get through the Clashing Rocks. ?Ruler Aetes made Jason face bronze feet, fire breathing bulls in the Trial of Courage. ?Whirlpool of Charybdis. ?Phineas and the Harpies. Aides/Helpers?Athena helped through a large number of the Labors. ?Ariadne and Daedalus helped Theseus escape the Labyrinth.?Medea attracted the snake to rest so Jason could get the Fleece. ?The entirety of the Argonauts (Hercules, Orpheus, etc.)Special Objects?Nemean Lion skin?Sword and shoes that he was granted with when he moved the boulder.?Argo (transport they voyaged on)Positive Qualities?Extreme strength?Protection of poor people and defenseless?Peaceful aside from when he is fightingSigns of Success ?He finished the twelve works. ?Crushing the Minotaur and ready to discover out of the maze. ?Finishing the excursion out and about managing judgment to the bandits.?He accomplished ownership of the Golden Fleece. ?Had the option to arrive at the Golden Fleece.

JUvenile Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adolescent Death Penalty - Essay Example The worry stays uncertain. Given data in regards to the exchange of adolescent guilty parties to grown-up criminal court, it is protected to expect that these adolescent wrongdoers despite everything get generous contemplations from the criminal equity framework in light of their energy or youthfulness. It is very suitable to indicate or set a specific age section wherein an adolescent wrongdoer can be investigated in court as a grown-up and can be condemned to capital punishment for a capital wrongdoing submitted. There are specific factors that ought to be considered in dealing with adolescent delinquents and these components can go a long ways past the extent of scholarly trains. Subsequently, the discussion if adolescent guilty parties ought to be attempted as grown-up in criminal courts or ought to be condemned to death for capital offense is as yet continuous. Daryl Renard Atkins was captured and detained for supposed snatching, outfitted theft and capital homicide. During the punishment phase of the preliminary of Atkins, the resistance relied upon a solitary observer, a measurable clinician, who validated that Atkins is experiencing a mellow episode of metal impediment. The jury chose to send Atkins to the death row, notwithstanding, the Virginia Supreme Court governed for a second hearing because of the preliminary court’s misleading utilization of a decision structure. At the second condemning hearing the equivalent legal therapist played as an observer for the resistance, yet this time the State nullified Atkin’s inclination. By and by, the jury chose to sentence Atkins to death. In affirming, the Supreme Court of Virginia utilized as a premise the Penry V. Lynaugh which is a comparable case as of Atkins, in turning down Atkin’s controversy that he can't be executed due to his mellow instance of mental impediment (Clendenen and Beaser, 2009). Along these lines, the inquiry here is, if whether the execution of intellectually impeded people

The Da Vinci Code PROLOGUE

Louver Museum, Paris 10:46 P. M. Eminent keeper Jacques Sauniere lurched through the vaulted opening of the historical center's Grand Gallery. He lurched for the closest artistic creation he could see, a Caravaggio. Getting the overlaid outline, the seventy-six-year-elderly person hurled the perfect work of art toward himself until it tore from the divider and Sauniere crumbled in reverse in a load underneath the canvas. As he had envisioned, a roaring iron entryway fell close by, blockading the passageway to the suite. The parquet floor shook. Distant, a caution started to ring. The keeper lay a second, wheezing for breath, assessing the situation. I am still alive.He crept free from the canvas and checked the enormous space for somewhere to stow away. A voice talked, chillingly close. â€Å"Do not move.† On all fours, the keeper solidified, turning his head gradually. Just fifteen feet away, outside the fixed entryway, the bumpy outline of his assailant gazed through the iron bars. He was expansive and tall, with phantom fair skin and diminishing white hair. His irises were pink with dim red understudies. The pale skinned person drew a gun from his jacket and pointed the barrel through the bars, straightforwardly at the guardian. â€Å"You ought not have run.† His pronunciation was difficult to put. â€Å"Now disclose to me where it is.† â€Å"I let you know already,† the caretaker stammered, stooping unprotected on the floor of the display. â€Å"I have no clue about what you are talking about!† â€Å"You are lying.† The man gazed at him, totally stable aside from the flicker in his spooky eyes. â€Å"You and your brethren have something that isn't yours.† The caretaker felt a flood of adrenaline. How might he be able to perhaps know this? â€Å"Tonight the legitimate watchmen will be reestablished. Reveal to me where it is covered up, and you will live.† The man leveled his firearm at the keeper's head. â€Å"Is it a mystery you will kick the bucket for?† Sauniere couldn't relax. The man inclined his head, peering down the barrel of his weapon. Sauniere held up his hands in resistance. â€Å"Wait,† he said gradually. â€Å"I will mention to you what you have to know.† The guardian expressed his next words cautiously. The untruth he told was one he had practiced numerous times†¦ each time supplicating he could never need to utilize it. At the point when the custodian had wrapped up, his attacker grinned pompously. â€Å"Yes. This is actually what the others told me.† Sauniere drew back. The others? â€Å"I discovered them, too,† the enormous man insulted. â€Å"All three of them. They affirmed what you have simply said.† It can't be! The caretaker's actual personality, alongside the characters of his three senechaux, was nearly as consecrated as the antiquated mystery they ensured. Sauniere now understood his senechaux, following severe technique, had told a similar lie before their own demises. It was a piece of the convention. The assailant pointed his firearm once more. â€Å"When you are gone, I will be the one in particular who knows the truth.† The truth.In a moment, the custodian got a handle on the genuine loathsomeness of the circumstance. On the off chance that I bite the dust, reality will be lost forever.Instinctively, he attempted to scramble for spread. The weapon thundered, and the custodian felt a singing warmth as the shot held up in his stomach. He fell forward†¦ battling against the agony. Gradually, Sauniere turned over and gazed back through the bars at his assailant. The man was currently training in on Sauniere's head. Sauniere shut his eyes, his contemplations a whirling storm of dread and lament. The snap of an unfilled chamber resounded through the passage. The caretaker's eyes flew open. The man looked down at his weapon, looking nearly entertained. He went after a subsequent clasp, yet then appeared to reexamine, smiling serenely at Sauniere's gut. â€Å"My work here is done.† The caretaker looked down and saw the projectile opening in his white cloth shirt. It was encircled by a little hover of blood a couple of crawls beneath his breastbone. My stomach.Almost barbarously, the shot had missed his heart. As a veteran of la Guerre d'Algerie, the custodian had seen this terribly drawn-out death previously. For fifteen minutes, he would get by as his stomach acids saturated his chest pit, gradually harming him from inside. â€Å"Pain is acceptable, monsieur,† the man said. At that point he was no more. Alone now, Jacques Sauniere turned his look again to the iron entryway. He was caught, and the entryways couldn't be revived for at any rate twenty minutes. When anybody got to him, he would be dead. All things being equal, the dread that presently held him was a dread far more prominent than that of his own demise. I should pass on the mystery. Faltering to his feet, he imagined his three killed brethren. He thought of the ages who had preceded them†¦ of the strategic which they had all been depended. A whole chain of information. Out of nowhere, presently, notwithstanding all the precautions†¦ in spite of all the come up short safes†¦ Jacques Sauniere was the main outstanding connection, the sole watchman of one of the most impressive mysteries at any point kept. Shuddering, he pulled himself to his feet. I should discover some way†¦ . He was caught inside the Grand Gallery, and there existed just a single individual on earth to whom he could pass the light. Sauniere looked up at the dividers of his rich jail. An assortment of the world's most well known artworks appeared to grin down on him like old companions. Flinching in torment, he brought the entirety of his resources and quality. The urgent undertaking before him, he knew, would require each staying second of his life.

The Help free essay sample

How did individuals use non-verbals to impart their status and personalities in The Help? (e. g. : antiques utilized by affluent/poor, language tones/volume, clothing standards, appearance, ceremonies, and so on ) The lines among highly contrasting are plainly portrayed by more than shading in this film. While the socialite white ladies, even on schedule days for unremarkable exercises, dress in quite squeezed dresses, manicured nails, firmly styled hair, and pleasant gems (helps me to remember June Cleaver), the servants must wear indistinguishable regalia, have serious hairdos, and next to zero gems. Their most noteworthy belonging is the tote they convey this is by all accounts vital, particularly to Yule Mae when she is captured. The house cleaners are refused to talk in organization except if it includes serving or some likeness thereof and should consistently address white people with â€Å"sir†, â€Å"ma’am†, or â€Å"miss†. The servants must submit to white expert regardless (because of a paranoid fear of occupation misfortune or more awful) and keep their voices low and quiet so as to evade strain or stress. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Help or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page What's more, backtalking (verbal and nonverbal) is a culpable offense as observed when Minny utilizes Hilly’s restroom during the tempest. Uneven couldn't think less about Minny’s wellbeing in going outside during the risky tempest, but instead is progressively worried about how â€Å"clean† her can remains. There are numerous outward appearances and body poses that pass on status/way of life just as ancient rarities. Hilly’s reliably raised jawline and haughty articulation mark her as very affected and oneself selected pioneer of the socialites. Alternately, the house cleaners (except for Minny) hold their eyes down, if not their heads, hands to their sides, except if working, and keep up a social separation (more than 4 or 5 feet) from white individuals. Skeeter and Celia are the two white special cases since the two of them acknowledge the dark ladies as equivalents and approach them with deference and thoughtfulness. Could partiality and segregation be communicated nonverbally? How? Give models from The Help when partiality and separation was communicated nonverbally. One of the physical ways utilized in this film to communicate partiality is the utilization of hand signals by Hilly. She flicks her turn in an upward movement when she arranges Minny to cut a cut of pie for Mrs. Walters. The insidious outward appearance demonstrates her detest of the dark lady, particularly as a result of her refusal to comply with a request. There were a few cases when Skeeter was talking with one of the house keepers and one of the Junior League ladies got her that they mirrored their dissatisfaction and aversion for so close to home a cooperation between a white and a dark individual. An excruciating articulation is worn by Aibileen as she is compelled to catch Hilly’s offending discourse about the requirement for independent washrooms. Not exclusively does the hurt show on Aibileen’s face however she likewise stows away in the corridor as opposed to must be available during the discussion, as though she ought to be embarrassed about her skin. Another model, this one including white dismissing white, is when Celia appears at Elizabeth’s during the extension club lunch meeting. In addition to the fact that they refuse to answer the entryway make an indifferent endeavor to avoid her when she goes to the window. They are laughing, covering their mouths with their fingers (as though this is an excellent joke or goodness, so charming), and you can catch inconsiderate comments about her franticness and evident absence of social behavior. One final model was in the market toward the finish of the film. Aibileen and Minny are shopping, strolling down the path one next to the other with their trucks. In any case, when a white lady approaches Aibileen it is clarified that she is to clear out and let the white lady pass, which she does with a remorseful look and hanging of her head (as though she were embarrassed for having been in the manner). Give me a case of somebody in The Help whose nonverbal conduct was annoying, disparaging, or belittling to other people. Which character was not annoying or disparaging to other people? Clarify. There are a greater number of varieties of bias in this film than just between races. One of the agonizing minutes, in any event for me, was when Celia Foote appears, excluded, to the scaffold club lunch meeting at Elizabeths house. Pie close by, she is wanting to make companions lastly be remembered for the group of friends of Jackson. Be that as it may, at Hilly’s encouraging, the whole gathering â€Å"hides† and is â€Å"shushed† in a poor endeavor to sidestep Celia, who is viewed as an outsider in view of where she originated from and how she grew up (poor). Celia’s face, when she understands what's going on, is excruciating to see and as she comes up out of the blossom bed, her short endeavor to be courageous breaks up into tears. I accept where Celia originated from and how she grew up gives her a more prominent empathy and comprehension of the maids’ lives. She appears to be honest in her acknowledgment of them and is oblivious of â€Å"proper social etiquette†. She essentially accepts them as they may be, regards them as individuals and individual ladies, and presents care and love liberally. She is additionally receptive concerning Hilly’s conduct and attempts to reveal a kinder insight into why there is struggle between them, significantly after the lunch meeting failure. Have you at any point made a prejudgement about somebody in view of their nonverbals? Assuming this is the case, give a model. Any individual who says they have never prejudged someone else is lying. It is, sadly, in our temperament to pass judgment on others, particularly when we think we are better than they are. More often than not we are incorrect, at the same time, once in for some time, we take care of business. I was employed at The Home Depot in Kansas quite a long while back as a clerk. Not long after I completed my preparation and was put on the register another lady, about my age, came out of preparing and went along with me in advance. She, similar to me, was an outgoing person and appeared to be cheerful and neighborly, cajoling confidences out of us all. Especially me, since we shared (or possibly I figured we did) a typical confidence. It wasn’t until later that I discovered she was not just undermining a spouse and utilizing a beau with the expectation of complimentary haven and food, she was additionally a liar and a double-crosser. She had been telling others things we had partaken in certainty, with a little adornment for good measure. My misstep was giving her acknowledgment for being a decent individual in view of her perfect appearance, she was sharp looking and adorned, she had an energetic grin and bubbly giggling, and appeared to be so open with her life and convictions. She solidified these nonverbals with announcements of earnestness and Christian qualities. I endured some humiliating minutes over my confusion. Have you at any point had a negative nonverbal encounter? Enlighten me regarding it. It was Wednesday ensemble practice and I was sitting with the director’s spouse on the first column trusting that practice will start. Her better half was in front of an audience masterminding his music and making casual chitchat with us. I reacted to one of his jests with a â€Å"cute†, and I however clever, joke of my own. I discovered quickly that she didn’t value my remark and saw it as a â€Å"territorial dispute† (him being the domain! at the point when she trampled my foot with extraordinary power (I limped for several days) and snarled in my face, â€Å"He’s mine! † I was staggered and I’m sure it enlisted all over. Be that as it may, she was unashamed and stormed off. I was humiliated since we were by all account not the only individuals in the hall. Plainly, she imparted her indignation, d isdain, nauseate, and an implicit danger to keep my hands off her property (since I didn’t like him, my idea was she’d be the only one who’d have him in any case). Clarify the distinctions in the use of nearness between the two societies in the film. While the white socialites watched white guidelines of room (embracing, sitting close, contacting, and so forth, however it is hardened and deadpan) the blacks were not permitted to draw in white individuals along these lines. There was a social separation kept up, except if youngsters were included. The house cleaners would stand a separation of more than 4 or 5 feet from white individuals and hold back to be directed. It was fairly entertaining to me that the white ladies didn’t need the house cleaners to contact their utensils, cups, dishes, skin, toilets, and so on ut were totally content with them cooking (taking care of food), washing (the garments contacted by blacks at that point contacted their bodies), and mothering the youngsters. In any event, when Skeeter goes to Aibileen’s own home, Aibileen makes some troublesome memories sitting in Skeeter’s nearness (she at long last winds up sitting on the arm of a seat, the furthest spot away from Skeeter) and, for a period, keeps on going about as though she’s looking out for the white lady. As we see the personal occasions in Aibie’s house between she, Skeeter, and Minny, it turns out to be evident that the dark individuals share space significantly more than whites do. They contact each other, embrace immovably (instead of a light, good for nothing grasp), snicker uproariously, and have considerably more energy in life than their white bosses. Characterize culture stun. The companionships made between Skeeter, Aibileen, and Minny disrupted cultural norms during the 1960’s in Mississippi. How did individuals respond when the mystery kinships were uncovered? Did individuals experience culture stun? Clarify. Culture stun is the inclination of confusion experienced by somebody who is abruptly exposed to a new culture, lifestyle, or set of perspectives. There was a hullabaloo, socially, about Skeeter’s relationship with the two house cleaners. Individuals were angered that she would spoil herself, her family, and her race thusly (by hobnobbing with â€Å"the enemy†). In any case, as individuals started to peruse the book, I accept they were confronted with the decision of what to do w

The Meaning of Life and Death Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Human

The Meaning of Life and Death The theoretical thought of life can't be clarified by such basic thoughts as being energized, breathing, or talking. Conventional machines in this century can play out these essential capacities. The dilemma with characterizing passing isn't as conceptual and subtle as that of life. The issue of characterizing life and passing has tormented logicians and the strict bodies for a huge number of years for one explanation; every way of thinking or religion has attempted to characterize the significance of life and demise from just their specific point of view. The apparently fitting way to deal with this issue is comprehend the thoughts introduced in different ways of thinking and religions and through this information make another definition for every thought of life and demise. The film Blade Runner has adopted this careful strategy in its endeavor to at long last characterize life and passing in a legitimate and un-profound way. By taking the position that passing is a solid thought t hat can be clarified, Blade Runner achieves the undertaking of deciphering the possibility of life in wording demise. Through this methodology, the significance of life is reclassified to oblige for the presence of the replicants. Likewise, because of this novel idea of life, it is evident that people and replicants never in reality live, despite the fact that they are alive. The possibility of death in Blade Runner is by all accounts distinctive for people and for replicants, however it is to be sure the equivalent. At the point when a replicant is executed, the characters in Blade Runner allude to it as, â€Å"retirement,† while slaughtering a human is called murder. These two terms are really equivalent. The term murder, in one of its definitions, intends to put to an end, decimate (AHD). The meaning of retirement is to quit working (AHD). In the event that these terms ar... ...s Cut. Dir. Ridley Scott. Perf. Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. DVD. 1982. Carse, James. Demise and Existence: A Conceptual History of Human Morality. Ed. Irving I Zaretsky. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980. Descartes, Renã ©. Talk on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. Trans. Donald A. Cress. Cambridge: Hacket Publishing Company, 1993. Elrod, John. Being and Existence in Kierkegaard’s Pseudonymous Works. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1975. Luper, Steven. Demise. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edward N. Zalta. 2002. <http://plato.stanford.edu/chronicles/win2002/sections/demise/>. O'Keefe, Tim. â€Å"Epicurus.† The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2001. <http://www.utm.edu/explore/iep/e/epicur.htm>. Vincent Cook. Rule Doctrines: Epicurus. <http://www.epicurus.net/principal.html>.

Next Steps for Admitted Students, Fall 2018 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Next Steps for Admitted Students, Fall 2018 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog First off, a big  congratulations on being accepted to Columbia SIPA! I hope you celebrated this achievement it was a competitive applicant pool! and are now ready to go over a few things that every newly-admitted student should know. In this post Ill cover: The Welcome Portal Your Status Page (and how to avoid delays in starting off your school year) Official Documents (this probably applies to you) Conditional Admission Money, Deposits, and Financial Aid The Welcome Portal The Welcome Portal has everything you need regarding next steps. Even if you aren’t sure where you’ll end up yet, the Welcome Portal provides information to help you make that decision: Upcoming deadlines, student housing information, and special events and webinars, including Faculty QAs and Financial Aid advice. The Welcome Portal is also where you’ll go to accept your admissions offer â€" your offer deadline is in your admissions letter, along with login details for the Welcome Portal. You should also follow us on Instagram @Columbia.SIPA  to share your admissions story and connect with future classmates with #SIPAClassof2020! Your Status Page The last thing you want is a delay to starting off your school year, but that is easily avoided by checking in with the Status Page. This is where you’ll go to review your Application Checklist. Even though you’ve been accepted, there are a few items on the checklist that we need to finalize your academic record before August 2018. And if your record isn’t finalized, you won’t be able to register for classes during Fall 2018 orientation. Don’t be that person! Official Documents When you review the Welcome Portal, you’ll notice a section that outlines upcoming deadlines for the Application Checklist materials, also known as official documents. These are hard deadlines for the Admissions Office to receive your official documents, mainly transcripts and test scores. “But I thought I submitted my application and this whole thing was over!”  Not quite, but almost! In the past few years, at least 90% of our accepted students did not submit all of their official documents to our office. Safe to say, this may be familiar to you: You applied to SIPA. You submitted a scanned copy of your college transcript(s). You were admitted to SIPA with that scanned transcript(s).  But, that is still a scan of a transcript, which means it is an unofficial copy. Even if your college registrar’s office handed you an official transcript, since you opened it and scanned it, we must consider it an unofficial copy because it’s technically been altered. “But my Status Page has a green checkmark next to my transcript, and I’m still seeing a notification that my official transcript has not been submitted. What gives?” The green checkmark is referring to your unofficial copy tied to your application â€" just cross-check the upload date and hover over the checkmark (see below) to see if the pop-up text reads “Received Copy” or “Received.”  Check out our “Dissecting the Application Checklist” post  if youre still confused. “How do I send in my official transcripts and test scores?” All of this information is in the Welcome Portal (seriously, check it out if you haven’t already), but: Official test scores must be on file by June 1, 2018; and official transcripts must be on file by July 13, 2018, (unless instructed otherwise). International students who won’t have conferred degrees until after the deadline should email us and we’ll make a note on their account. Official test scores must be sent to us by the testing company (ex: ETS, GMAC). GRE / TOEFL ibt school code: 2161 (no department code) GMAT school code: MIA is QF8-64-56; MPA is QF8-64-99 Mail your official transcripts to us at: Columbia University | SIPA Office of Admissions Financial Aid 514 West 113th Street New York, New York 10025 (Reminder: Official transcripts must be in an envelope that is sealed and signed. ) While you can email them to sipa_admission@sipa.columbia.edu, note that the transcripts must be sent from the registrar’s office through a service like eSCRIP-SAFE in order to be considered official. Official Test Scores The same rules outlined above apply to your official test scores. But if you truly know you sent us your official scores, there may be a workaround from re-ordering your test scores. Chances are your application name and email address are not recorded the same as the name and email address you registered to take the GRE/GMAT or TOEFL/IELTS/PTE with a few months ago. (You may recall us warning against this in the application instructions.) Thus, we couldn’t match the exam to your account because of the mismatch. If that’s the case, contact the testing center and confirm your full name, date of birth and email address associated with your account. You’ll need to send us that information, along with the batch number/cycle number for GRE and TOEFL scores; the appointment number and identification number for GMAT scores; or send us the official score report for IELTS/PTE scores. Conditional Admission Supplemental Quant If you were required additional quantitative preparation prior to enrolling at SIPA, this means your overall application and achievements are admirable, and we believe you’ll be better equipped for success at SIPA by completing economics coursework prior to your enrollment. You can complete this requirement by taking both Principles of Microeconomics and Principles of Macroeconomics with a B or better. (The single Principles of Economics course is no longer an option, except for Fall 2018 Early Action admitted students.) These courses may be physical or virtual (online) but must be from an accredited academic institution. This course can be completed abroad as long as the institution is accredited in its home country. If you’re unsure, check the university’s website for their accreditation notice or consult with World Education Services for assistance. Free courses through Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) or certificate programs through Coursera and other online services do not fulfill this requirement. Successful completion is defined as a letter grade of B or higher or its numerical equivalent. We can’t recommend any institution over another, so, unfortunately, we can’t offer further guidance on where to complete this requirement. Please submit final transcripts verifying your successful completion of these courses to the Admissions Office by August 20, 2018. If you are completing the economics courses during the summer, you must also send proof of course registration to the Admissions Office by July 1, 2018. By completing this requirement, your admission to SIPA will become final. SIPA Summer and/or Fall ALP Some international students are required to enroll in summer and/or fall ALP as a condition of their admission. Your admission letter states if you are required to complete this coursework. We cannot waive this requirement because this is a policy set by the university. The only way to waive out of it (as described in the admission letter/Welcome Portal), is to provide new TOEFL/IELTS/PTE scores that show at least a score of 110 on the TOEFL, 7.5 on the IELTS, or 76 on the PTE. Improved scores must be submitted to the Admissions Office no later than June 1, 2018. Money, Deposits, and Financial Aid Your Admissions Deposit You have until the date on your admission letter to accept your enrollment offer AND pay the $2,000.00 USD admission deposit. This deposit ultimately goes towards your tuition bill. You do not have to accept and pay the deposit at the same time. So you can submit your response form and select “yes,” and then access your Status Page in a couple weeks to make the deposit payment. However, your deposit payment must be paid in full at once (no partial payments). This should be paid through the online portal. Just click on the corresponding hyperlink to submit your payment. You’ll continue to see a reminder on your Status Page until your deposit is paid, and only after you’ve submitted your response form. Financial Aid and Fellowships If you received a scholarship or fellowship, you will have received a separate notification letter about your funding along with your letter of admission. (Early-action candidates had to wait until now to learn about their funding status.) To see your funding letters, go to your Status Page, scroll down to where it says Status Update and click on the View Update link. From there, you’ll be directed to your admission letter. Then you’ll need to scroll down to the bottom of your letter. This is where you’ll see if you have one (or several) letters available to read. If there’s an additional linked date under “The Following letters are available for this account,” you should click on it! All students, whether funded their first year or not, will be able to apply for second-year funding. Most of this funding is in the form of assistantships for second-year students who succeeded in their first year of studies. (You’ll learn more about these opportunities during the spring semester of your first year.) We also encourage you to visit the Financial Aid page for more information about funding your education, which includes a database of external funding opportunities. Tuition, Fees, and Billing Columbia University releases an annual estimated cost of attendance, which you can view for the 2018-2019 year here. Your tuition bill will be generated closer to the start of the academic term. You also have the option to set up a payment plan or coordinate your payments with a third-party sponsor. For more information on that process, browse the Student Financial Services website. (Note: The Office of Admissions Financial Aid is not involved in this process.) You can also browse this site to get a historical look at the tuition and fees SIPA (Columbia University) has charged each year. Contact Us If you need anything give us a call or send an email. If youre an admitted student with specific financial aid  or fellowship inquiries, please email them with a descriptive and informative subject line to  sipa_finaid@columbia.edu. Admissions questions can continue to go to  sipa_admission@columbia.edu  or  sipa_new@columbia.edu. And once again, congratulations to our admitted students!

Unit 4 Summarizing a Reference

   If you are moving through the IEW units at the pace of about one a month, you are either now in Unit 4, Summarizing a Reference, or are about to be there soon. In Podcast 163, Andrew Pudewa and Julie Walker take some time to describe this fact-based writing unit and share some wisdom about how to approach it with your students. Unit 4 differs from Unit 3 in that it moves away from narrative stories into fact-based writing. Because of that, accuracy matters more than it does in Unit 3, a unit that allows for more creativity. Source texts for Unit 4 should be at or below the student’s reading level and should have more facts in them than what you want in the finished piece. This forces students to limit their facts in their writing. Additionally, you should select or create a source text that allows the student to write about the number of topics you have decided upon, usually one, two, or three. Unit 4 is a building block unit and is not a final, finished product. Andrew Pudewa calls this unit the linchpin of the structural models for good reason. Being able to write a cohesive paragraph with a topic and clincher sentence needs to be in place as students approach the later units, so it is important to take the time to help your students with the process. Be sure to follow the EZ + 1 formula and stick to Webster’s edict—hands on structure and style; hands off content. For some great guidance, helpful hints, and rewarding resources, listen to the podcast. It will help you feel encouraged and equipped to present this important writing unit to your students.

Aristotles Three Unities in Oedipus the King Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The ancient Greek believes that man is supposed to live for honor and fame and they will be reacting according to their belief to the unity of action of the play. They seek to identify with the great heroes and see them end up in noble death. The ancient Greek audience is able to relate with the original recognition of the heroes by selfish behaviors and little thought of others. Another reaction to the unities of the play is an expectation to have supernatural beings in the play. The early Greek was made up of characteristics of the supernatural and thus, the audience will be reacting in expectation to the supernatural in the play. They view the world to belong to the gods and human beings and gods have the ability to interfere with the lives of human beings the way they please. Oedipus Rex made a definition of tragedy through his explanation that has a major influence on the tragedies. The unity of time of the play has a purging of the emotions on the ancient Greek audience. Where the most common emotions depicted are pity and fear. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle's Three Unities in Oedipus the King or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The anxiety for violence makes the audience anxious as they react to the different unities as they are displayed as the play continues. In Oedipus, the king the audience in ancient Greek will be filled with pity and fear. Oedipus rex fits the unity of time duration as when the old priest tells Oedipus that the people of Thebes are dying of the plague, Oedipus says that he could not fail to see this (Sophocles, (68 72)

Away in a Manger in Spanish

Here is a Spanish version of Away in a Manger, a popular childrens Christmas song. Dont understand the words? Give your Spanish a boost with the grammar and vocabulary guide that follows. The song was originally written in English, and it isnt well known in Spanish-speaking countries. The author is unknown. Jesà ºs en pesebre Jesà ºs en pesebre, sin cuna, nacià ³;Su tierna cabeza en heno durmià ³.Los astros, brillando, prestaban su luzal nià ±o dormido, pequeà ±o Jesà ºs. Los bueyes bramaron y à ©l despertà ³,mas Cristo fue bueno y nunca llorà ³.Te amo, oh Cristo, y mà ­rame, sà ­,aquà ­ en mi cuna, pensando en ti. Te pido, Jesà ºs, que me guardes a mà ­,amà ¡ndome siempre, como te amo a ti.A todos los nià ±os da tu bendicià ³n,y haznos mà ¡s dignos de tu gran mansià ³n. English Translation of Spanish Lyrics Jesus in a manger, without a crib, was born;His tender heard slept on the hay.The sparkling  stars shed their lightOn the baby asleep, little Jesus. The oxen bellowed and he awoke,But Christ was good and never cried.I love you, O Christ, and look at me, yes,Here in my crib, thinking about you. I ask you, Jesus, to  keep watch over me,Loving me always, as I love you.Give your blessing to all the children,And make us more worthy of your great mansion. Vocabulary and Grammar Notes Pesebre: As you can guess by the title of the song, this is the word for manger, a type of box from which farm animals eat. Because of its use in connection with the Christmas story, pesebre can also refer to a representation of the birth of Jesus, much like the English creche or French crà ¨che. Nacià ³:  Nacer translates the phrase to be born. Sin: Sin is a common Spanish preposition meaning without and is the opposite of con. Cuna: A crib or other small bed made specifically for a child or baby. Tierna: This word is often translated as tender and is frequently used, as here, as an adjective of affection. By being placed before the noun it refers to, tierna here helps convey an emotional meaning. Thus tierna coming before a noun might indicate tenderness in the sense of being gentle, while after a noun it is more likely to refer to a physical quality. Heno: Hay. Astro: Estrella is more frequently used for star than is astro. Brillando: This is the present participle of brillar, which can mean to glitter or sparkle. In standard Spanish, present participles function as adverbs, so brillando should be seen as an adverb modifying prestaban rather than as an adjective modifying astros. Prestaban: The verb prestar most often means to loan or to lend. However, it is often used, as here, to refer to providing or giving. Dormido: This is the past participle of dormir, meaning to sleep. Buey: Ox. Bramaron: Bramar refers to the groaning sound of an animal. Despertà ³: This is the third-person singular preterite (a past tense) of despertar, which means to awake. Mas: Without the accent, mas typically means but. The word isnt used much in everyday speech, where pero is generally preferred. It should not be confused with mà ¡s, pronounced the same way, which usually means more. Sà ­: Sà ­ most often means yes. As can the English word, sà ­ can also be used as a way of affirming or emphasizing what has been said. Oh: Oh here is the equivalent of the English oh here, but it was a wider range of meanings in Spanish, where it can convey happiness, pain, joy, and other feelings. It is more common in writing than in speech. Mà ­rame: The verb mirar can mean simply to look. In this context, however, it also carries the meaning of to watch over. Mà ­rame is a combination of two words, mira (watch over) and me (me). In Spanish it is common to attach object pronouns to the end of certain verb forms—commands, gerunds (see amà ¡ndome below), and infinitives. Pensando en: In Spanish, the phrase for to think about is pensar en. Me guardes a mà ­: This is a redundancy. In everyday speech, me guardes (watch over me) would be sufficient. Although in speech the addition of the grammatically unnecessary a mà ­ might be done for reasons of emphasis, here it is used to help provide the right number of syllables for the music. Amà ¡ndome: This is a combination of two words, amando (loving) and me (me). Da: In this context, da is the imperative (command) form of dar (to give) used when speaking to a friend or family member. A todos los nià ±os da tu bendicià ³n: The standard word ordering would place a todos los nià ±os after the verb. Spanish is more flexible with word order than English, however, so this sort of sentence structure isnt unusual,   Haznos: Another combination of two words, haz (the imperative form of hacer, to make, used when speaking to a friend or family member), and nos (us). Mansià ³n: Usually a dwelling place, but sometimes specifically  a mansion. In this context, tu gran mansià ³n figuratively refers to heaven.

International Conference Green Urbanism Essay - 2095 Words

International Conference – Green Urbanism, GU 2016 Aggregated granular Arundo Donax L. through integration between algorithm-driven design and sustainable fabrication systems May A.Malek Ali a , Aly Magdyb, Ahmed Elsherifc, Rana Hishamd, Mohamed Osamae a Assistant Professor, Faculty of fine Arts, Alexandria University, Alexandria,21619, Egypt b Researcher, Faculty of fine Arts, Alexandria University, Alexandria,21619, Egypt c Demonstrator, Researching Staff, Pharos University, Alexandria,21649, Egypt d Demonstrator, Researching Staff, Pharos University, Alexandria,21649, Egypt e Demonstrator, Researching Staff, Pharos University, Alexandria,21649, Egypt Abstract The imperative integration between sustainability and complex three-dimensional constructional principles would embrace the inherent structural framework of such complex geometries, thus developing the construction of lightweight ecological structures. The study addresses the development of a non-uniform body from Arundo Donax L. stalks’ environmental behaviour. This stream would particularly be applied through traditional and computational algorithm-driven design strategy generating complex interactions of elements for achieving sustainable and computational frameworks systems. The proposal addresses the problem of developing a sustainable agenda for innovative green environments, through investigating the application of aggregation processes into creative environmental, architectural approaches and sustainableShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri

Behaviorism The Staple Of Psychology From The 1920 S

Behaviorism was the staple of psychology from the 1920’s to the 1950’s. It started as a concept from Pavlov’s famous experiment where he came across the phenomenon of classical conditioning. Unfortunately it wasn’t until much later that the concept of conditioning became a paradigm for psychologists worldwide. Not long after Pavlov’s experiment was published a man named John Watson would soon pioneer a new scientific front in the field of psychology. John Watson is most noted for founding behaviorism and for his famous â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. In Watson’s (1920) experiment he sought to find out if he could condition a small infant. He selected an infant (Albert) for the experiment. As children we are not born with fears or phobias therefore using the child was necessary to prove that fears or phobias could be instilled through conditioning parameters. He first introduced Little Albert to a white rat. Since the baby had not developed a fear for rats he loved it. It made him happy and he wanted to play with it. Unfortunately playing with the rat was not part of the experiment. Soon after introduction, Watson would then use a metal rod to make a loud noise once reintroducing the rat to Albert in subsequent attempts. After several trials of hearing the loud clang from the metal rod the baby would cry once the rat was introduced. This is because the loud clang became associated with the presence of the rat. This is the essence of classical conditioning. The ratShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval

Defining Capitalism and Command Economies Free Essays

Defining Capitalism and Command Economies of Economics â€Å"Economics is the study of how wealth is created and distributed† which, includes â€Å"the products produced and sold by business† (Pride, Hughes, amp; Kapoor, 2011, p. 10). When studied, it is the science or the financial considerations of the buying, selling, and the production of goods and services that are consumed by our world and its people. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Capitalism and Command Economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two different perspectives when studying economics. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are different in that microeconomics is the study of the individual and business decisions that affect the economy, whereas macroeconomics is the study of national and global economy (Pride et al, 2011, p. 10). Together, micro and macroeconomics examine the decisions of individuals, businesses, the government, and society and how all of these people deal with making and distributing the money that is derived from the production of services and goods. These decisions combined with the prosperity of the nation, determine the economy. There are two different economic systems in today’s world. Capitalistic nations and those nations that are run under command economies are the two systems that can be found across the globe. The two systems differ in two major ways. First, they vary in the ownership of the factors of production. These factors are the land and natural resources, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship (Pride et al, 2011, pp. 10-11). Second, the way that particular nations system answers four questions listed by Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor (2011), determines a nation’s economy (p. 11). Those four questions listed are concerning what products, how the products, for whom the products are produced and who owns and controls the major factors of production as aforementioned. One major understanding on the impact a nation’s economic system has on all the economic activities of its citizens is when there is a consideration that a country’s system determines how the factors of production are used to meet the needs of the society it supports (Pride et al, 2011, p. 11). An eighteenth century Scottish economist, Adam Smith published a book in 1776, called Wealth of Nations. Smith argued that a â€Å"society’s interests are best served when the individuals within that society are allowed to pursue their own self-interest† (Pride et al, 2011, p. 11). Smith came up with a term called the â€Å"invisible hand† which describes how people work hard when they know they can benefit financially from the goods or services they can provide and as a result, these personal financial gains benefit others and that nation’s economy. Pride et al (2011), discusses how the success of people in the community and therefore the success of the nation, can be tied indirectly to the success of the individual small business owners (p. 1). Smith’s ideas promote individuals should have the ability to succeed and create wealth by owning property and resources. The government should not be involved in the market and should be limited to government duties owed to the nation. This system Smith describes, is known as laissez faire, declares the government should have no interference in the economy and solely provide defense against enemies, ensure internal order, and furnish public works and education (Pride et al, 2011, p. 2). Smith also believes in the concept of market economy, where the producers and buyers of good and services determine the amount produced and the selling price. As stated earlier, resources should be owned by individuals and they should be entitled to use and sell their goods as they choose, in addition to enjoying the benefits from ownership of these resources (Pride et al, 2011, p. 12). Very different from that of a capitalistic nation, is the economic system, called a command economy. Whereas capitalism suggests individuals own and operate the majority of businesses that provide goods and services; the government decides what goods and services, how they are produced, for whom will they be available to, and who owns and controls those four major factors of production discussed earlier in command economies (Pride et al, 2011, p. 14). In essence, the government is the controlling and deciding entity of how the resources are used and produced and by whom they are controlled by. Today, most countries that fall within a command economy are considered to be a socialistic economy. Key industries such as transportation, communications, utilities, banking, and important industries that produce material such as steel are owned by the government (Pride et al, 2011, p. 14-15). Although small private businesses may be allowed to certain degrees, many citizens work in state-owned industries. Communism is another example of a command economy. This is a â€Å"classless society whose citizens together owned all economic resources† (Pride et al, 2011, p. 15). These citizens would then contribute to the economy as they could and would receive benefits that were needed back from the distributions by the government. Different than a socialist economy, workers do not have much of any choice when given a job, but those who had special skills or talents were often viewed as being compensated more than that of an average citizen. Often citizens of command economies go without the essential needs or the wants of society because the supply of good and services is determined by the government and not the consumers themselves. Today, many traditional countries that were though of socialist nations are transitioning to a free-market economy. According to Pride et al (2011), this is also considered a market economy where businesses and individuals decide what to produce and buy, and the market determines prices and quantities sold. Communism is fading out and these economies are now similar to what was considered socialist. Northern Korea and Cuba are probably two countries that are the best examples of today’s communist economies whereas those that once were thought of communist countries are now considered socialist or even capitalist nations. The United States falls under what is considered a mixed economy, where there is both capitalism and socialism. Free market economies, which fall under capitalism, are those nations currently transitioning such as France, Sweden, and India (Pride et al, 2011, pp. 10-15). References Pride, W. M. , Hughes, R. J. , amp; Kapoor, J. R. (2011). Foundations of business (2nd ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western. How to cite Defining Capitalism and Command Economies, Papers

Follow Your Heart Essay Example For Students

Follow Your Heart Essay Its such a big part of my life that I cant live without it. If you think about it, youll notice that its all around you. Its so simple, but its also so meaningful! Finally, and best of all, anybody can love it as much as I do. This it, this wonderful thing is called art. I discovered art when I was little; its inspiring qualities pulled me in like a magnet. Never before have I experienced something so wonderful. Its so meaningful to me because no matter what mood Im in, I can always be creative with whichever medium I choose. Art has helped me through the tough times, the sad times, and the boring times. When I feel calm and relaxed, I like to paint realistically. When I feel mixed and confused, I like abstract art. When I feel focused, I sculpt. Art isnt an outlet for my angerif Im angry when I am needle pointing, it doesnt end well. Instead, art brings joy to my life! There is no right or wrong way in art because you get to be creative. There are no rules in creativity; you just have to follow your heart. You get to express your personality or mood. I realized you need something to keep yourself occupied when things in life bother you. It doesnt have to be art; it could be dance, soccer, baking or anything else you like! Hobbies are important because they keep you happy. It is important to follow your heart and enjoy what you do in your life. Art fulfills my life; I love it so much I cant explain it. I realized that every single thing in the world is a masterpiece. Somebody had to lace up your shoes, somebody had to sew your shirt, and somebody had to paint so one day you could see it in the museum. You see, everything in the world is a piece of art, even if some may not realize it. Without art, there would be no colour. I believe I live on a piece of art: the planet Earth. I remember the memories of my trip to India as if it happened only yesterday. I was ten-years-old, and I was visiting the southern part of India to see relatives. I was most thrilled to see my sister-cousin, who is only a couple of years younger than me. She is my cousin, but we are as close as sisters. We finally reached Hyderabad, the city where my family lived. The weather was always pleasant with a temperate breeze that accompanied each warm sunray. It was here that I experienced the best part of my trip visiting my relatives. My family is dreadfully vast, so I hadnt yet met every one of my relations. Well, guess what? It was my aunts wedding. A wedding is the most convenient time to chat, visit, and meet with new people. I was thrilled because it was the very first wedding that I could carefully observe. Ive learned that Indian weddings can last for 3 days at the minimum, and a week at the maximum. The guests and the bride had to change their traditional clothes about three times during the ceremony. I loved gazing at the dazzling traditional outfits like the sari, the churidar, and the gagra. Next, I enjoyed the lush green fields in the village that stretch as wide as the sea. I allowed the soft breeze to blow my loose hair onto my delighted face.

The Great Awakening/Enlightenment free essay sample

As colonial America progressed into a more advanced and modern union, many people began to have brilliant ideas and construct experiments to define them. Many of them were intellectuals, such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and the founding fathers of the United States. This led to an age of progress and optimism, which roots deep within Europe, called the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment also resulted in an outcry of protestant revivalism called the Great Awakening where many revivalists began to bring back people to religion and to rival against the intellectuals of the Enlightenment. Both of these movements influenced American intellectual and religious life. The Enlightenment was known as the age of reason and optimism that sprung up in Europe around the 18th century. The Enlightenment really inspired the colonies in many ways. Intellectual people sprung up. Many of them led advances in technology and science, such as Ben Franklin and the lightning rod experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Awakening/Enlightenment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some even invented new ideas such as the American Philosophical Society. Many more people in the colonies began to read and think and contributed to the greater good of the findings of our nation. Because of the Enlightenment, many colonists became well educated and became more literate. They began to become more open to ideas and they began to share their ideas to each other. This also caused Deism to come up. Deism was the belief that a God created a universe, but let it alone to do its own work and did not interfere with it. This caused a religious revivalism and outcry to emerge throughout the colonies.

1800s Social Work Essay Example Essay Example

1800s Social Work Essay Example Paper 1800s Social Work Essay Introduction Nineteenth century America was a time of urbanization, industrialization, immigration, overcrowding and as a result, poverty. During this time, social policy was relatively non-existent and financial assistance was the sole responsibility of private or public charities. Women did not have rights or economic independence, as they were typically considered the property of their husbands. During this time, a woman with three children who was abandoned by her husband would receive little or no financial assistance; she may fall under the category of the â€Å"unworthy† poor, as she was not a widow, elderly or physically disabled. The assistance of this women may have changed from the early to late nineteenth century, as feminists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton began to advocate for social reform, and others such as Jane Adams became concerned with the social well being of women. From the beginning to late 1800’s some social reform took place and the federal government began to implement various programs and institutions to assist in the financial well being of the poor. Early 1800’s During the early 1800’s, there weren’t any significant federal programs aimed at assisting the poor. Financial aid was allocated as the responsibility of the local community, local government, or religious charity. People were expected to work and take care of their families unless they were elderly, sick or widowed; these were labeled the â€Å"worthy† poor in need of assistance. Women were the â€Å"property† if their husbands and typically performed work inside of the home to contribute to the financial well being of the family. They were responsible for the production of cloth, clothing and shoes. Additionally, there weren’t any limitations on the working hours, wages or conditions for women and children. 1800s Social Work Essay Body Paragraphs During this time, a mother of three abandoned by her husband would have received little or no assistance. She would not fall under the classification of the â€Å"worthy† poor, as she was not a widow, elderly or sick. It is possible that her or her children would work in mills under dangerous conditions and long hours, if her children were over the age of three; child labor was prevalent during this time period. If a white woman was unable to financially support her children, they may become apprentices to families who can support them. This served as an educational opportunity for children to learn a trade. Collectively, an able bodied poor person, such as an abandoned woman was deemed â€Å"lazy and sinful† and may have been sent to a workhouse through enforced labor. As the nineteenth century progressed, industrialization spurred the continued migration to urban cities in search of training and work; this led to overcrowding and poverty. Poverty was primarily blamed on the individual. If a woman with three children needed assistance, any community organizations of the time would assume that the problem was intra-psychic and there was a moral deficiency. To address this concern, middle class reformers felt that the betterment of cities could be achieved through moral reconstitution of individuals and families. Several â€Å"moral building† organizations were created; the New York Association for Improving the conditions of the Poor was established in 1843. Male volunteers would offer religious teachings, work to get the poor to abstain from alcohol, become more self-disciplined and acquire the Protestant Work Ethic. As a result, a woman abandoned by her husband would receive moral teachings in her home rather than any financial assistance. Mid 1800’s Towards the 1840’s, advocates of social reform began to voice their concerns regarding poverty. Dorothea Dix spoke of the need for separate facilities for adult offenders, juven iles and the mentally ill. She also suggested that the Federal government be responsible for the mentally ill and provide them with treatment through hospitalization. In 1845, the first state asylum for the mentally ill was established in Trenton New Jersey. In 1848 she proposed that the federal government give financial assistance to states to build hospitals for the mentally ill and the legislation was passed. However, in 1854 the legislation was vetoed and welfare responsibility was returned to the states. Also in 1848, feminists such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton convened at the Seneca Falls Convention to declare a goal of equal rights and opportunity in education, employment and legal rights. This would challenge the limited opportunities that existed for an abandoned mother of three. She would have been limited in her education, employment opportunities and political standing. Towards the middle of the century, education increased and the views regarding child ren’s needs began to change. In an effort to provide education and shelter to needy children, Charles Loring Brace founded the Children’s Aid Society in 1853 New York. He felt that the urban environment was dangerous to children due to crime and delinquency. This organization could have given devastating consequences to an abandoned woman with three children because it was the elementary form of modern foster care. The Children’s Aid Society would remove children from families who could not provide â€Å"proper care† for their children. They would then transport these children to families in rural areas in an effort to provide opportunities in a new, â€Å"safer† environment. A woman deserted by her husband could have very easily been considered and unfit parent, as she requested financial assistance from her counterparts. During this time period, she would be in danger of having her children taken from her care and given to an unfamiliar family wh ere she would no longer be able to contact them. The Children’s Aid Society transported over 50,000 children in a period of 25 years; these children typically became runaways. In 1864, Frederic Le Play completed the first scientific study of poverty; he investigated its causes, consequences and possible solutions. This study may have provided evidence that poverty is not the sole blame of the individual. After the time of the Civil War, 1861-65, the political climate called for a need of health services for the wounded soldiers, as well as the families of the deceased. Many slaves were freed but lacked any education, health care or employment opportunities. Due to this deficiency, the federal government began to take responsibility for the people. In 1865, the Freedman’s Bureau was established; it was the first federal welfare agency and provided health care, education, housing for the freed slaves. In1872, the Bureau ended because the Federal government did not want t o facilitate welfare. Late 1800’s Towards the late nineteenth century, ideas of Social Darwinism began to influence society. It was believed those able to work would thrive and live successfully whereas those who weren’t would fail and perish; it was survival of the fittest and intervention for the poor was felt to go against nature. For this reason, financial assistance was not provided to the needy. Middle class reformers continued to assume individual flaws caused poverty. Lack of morals continued to be blamed for the conditions of the poor. However, people began to understand that certain environmental factors were responsible as well and felt that the poor needed some guidance. In 1877, Reverend Steven Gurteen established the first Charity Organization Society in Buffalo, NY, in an effort to serve as an organizing body for all private charities. This organization developed a list of the poor served in their communities so that each person would be limited to servi ces from one charity. In this case, the woman with three children would not be able to reach out to more than one private charity, as her services were recorded. This woman would receive services from the â€Å"friendly visitor†. This was typically a middle-class female volunteer who would visit the home to investigate the living conditions and reasons for poverty. The â€Å"friendly visitor† would come to the home of the woman, inquire about the reasons for which her husband deserted her and teach her about the moral values of the middle class. The goal was to â€Å"fix† the immoral environment so that the woman would be able to uplift herself from circumstance and become able to adequately care for her home and children. She would be given advice on how to correct her problems. Additionally, they would record information about the woman and return it to their agency to better understand life in the slum. The â€Å"friendly visitors† seldom had knowledge or experience with the poor, which caused a huge, disconnect between them and their clients; often the clients suffered from decreased self-esteem. By 1890, there were 4,000 practicing â€Å"friendly visitors†. The recording practices of the visitors led to a better understanding of poverty and its causes. It became understood that the sole responsibility does not fall on the individual. By the end of the 19th century, immigration increased and overcrowding was at its peak. There was a deficit in housing and education. In response, the first settlement house, the Neighborhood Guild, was opened in New York in 1886. In 1889, Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr opened the most influential settlement house, known as Hull House. This would have been the first helpful opportunity presented to a mother of three who was deserted by her husband. At Hull House, she would be given a home to live in without the cost of rent. The residents at Hull House were primarily women and immigrants. â€Å"In 1891, Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky was fleeing from her husband and seeking refuge for herself and her three children, ages six, five, and four. ‘We were welcomed as though we had been invited,’ she wrote thirty-five years later in her memoirs.Jane Adams supplied Kelley with room, board and employment. † Hull house provided families with daycare and kindergarten services, education and training for residents, culture nights to become familiar with various cultures, a library and entertainment. Additionally, women in settlement houses worked to advocate for housing, public health care and improved working conditions for men, women and children. The Hull House residents conducted campaigns, which led to the passing of legislature, which mandated an eight-hour workday for women and children in Illinois. As knowledge of the poor grew through work in the settlement houses and friendly visitors, a growing need for a formal education was presented. In 1898 the first school for social workers was established, The New York School of Philanthropy (Columbia University). Conclusion In the 1800s, a woman with three children deserted by her husband would have faced many hardships in obtaining any financial assistance. Social welfare and charity were the responsibility of the community and the needy were distinguished based on their â€Å"worthiness†. Able-bodied unemployed people were considered unworthy and sinful. For this reason, moral teaching was the primary means of relief. However, as the 19th century progressed and urbanization led to an increase in poverty, social reformers such as Jane Addams began to take notice and advocated for the need to assist immigrants in obtaining housing, heath care, and employment. Throughout the century, the federal government assumed some responsibility for the welfare of the people, as in the Freedman’s Bureau but would abruptly re-delegate the responsibility to the states. However, the cre ation of the Charity Organization Society demonstrated that social welfare relief was evolving to become an increasingly centralized institution. The 1890’s settlement movement would be the first major form of assistance for a deserted mother of three, where she would be able to obtain much needed services for her and her children. 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5 Words from the Kitchen

5 Words from the Kitchen 5 Words from the Kitchen 5 Words from the Kitchen By Mark Nichol Words most people associate primarily with the kitchen have multiple nonculinary connotations as well. Here are five words you may find useful in other contexts. 1. Apron This name for a garment worn to protect the wearer’s clothes from food stains (or one that is purely decorative) also applies to similar protective attire. From this usage stems meanings for structures with similar form and/or purpose, including a piece of wood under a windowsill, an extension of a bathroom fixture, the part of a pier or wharf along its edge, an erosion barrier, or the part of a stage that extends past the proscenium arch (the opening between the stage and the audience area). 2. Cook This is not just a verb for the action of preparing food and a noun describing a preparer; it also refers to a process for producing a substance or a material, such as the act of cooking methamphetamines. It’s also a slang term used a as a synonym for happen or occur (â€Å"What’s cooking?†), for doing well (â€Å"That band is really cooking!†), or for falsifying documents, especially financial records (â€Å"He was caught cooking the books†). 3. Glass The word for an often tall, narrow container for drinking liquids from, regardless of material, also applies to the mixture of materials used in making clear or tinted glass. Glass may also apply to another item made wholly or in part from glass or a similar substance, such as a mirror (or looking-glass), a basketball backboard, an hourglass, a telescope (or spyglass), or eyeglasses; a barometer is often called a glass. The word also denotes a container full of a liquid (â€Å"Have a glass of beer†). 4. Plate A plate is a shallow, mostly flat dish for serving food, but it also refers to other usually flat, thin items such as a piece of armor or a body part that is similar to armor, any flat structural piece, a part of Earth’s crust, and precious metal, and has other meanings, including the figurative reference to matters and responsibilities â€Å"I have a lot on my plate right now.† 5. Table In addition to the meaning of a piece of furniture with a flat surface, often used for dining, table refers to any such surface, such as a geographical feature (tableland). It also has figurative meanings for eating (â€Å"Sit down to table†) and assembling (â€Å"Sit at the bargaining table†). Table also refers to a list or an arrangement of data. Table is used as a verb to describe entering data in a table. It also refers, in American English, to remove from consideration during a formal meeting or other procedure; in British English, curiously, its meaning is the opposite: It denotes placing an item on an agenda. There’s also a small but rich list of idioms that include table, including â€Å"lay (one’s) cards on the table† (â€Å"to be candid†) and â€Å"under the table† (â€Å"intoxicated,† or â€Å"secretive†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceHang, Hung, Hanged30 Nautical Expressions

The history of a technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of a technology - Research Paper Example To put in more bluntly, Cooper’s history of air conditioning refers to the human history of managing or controlling the atmosphere in relation to man’s needs. The history of air conditioning as the history of air becomes apparent in the debate on whether or not windows should be close in exchange for mechanical system; this debate largely transpired in the 1970s. As if following Cooper’s idea of air conditioning, Arora (2009) traces its history from Leonardo da Vinci’s 15th-century ventilating fan. This ventilating fan lessens the experience of heat generated by the natural weather. In the 17th and 19th centuries, Boyle and Dalton were able to find the scientific laws involving heat or gasses. Arora (2009) notes that it was Robert Buchanan in the 1815 who first wrote into text pertaining to the theories of heating and ventilating. On the other hand, Whitman, Johnson, and Tomczyk (2005) define the notion of air conditioning not only as an air filtration and ventilation but also as a â€Å"space cooling, heating, humidification, [and] dehumidification.† Following this definition, they state that the first â€Å"air conditioning† (i.e., storing natural ice) occurred in 1000 B.C. ... It is interesting that Whitman et al. (2005) put the time line, in a visual representation, of the history of air conditioning from the 1800s (p. xxvi). Here, they appear to view the concept of air conditioning in its present understanding. Of Scientific Theories There are several scientific theories and/or laws that predate the theory characterized in the modern-day air conditioning. So-called Charles’s Law and the Law of Partial Pressures are Dalton’s contributions to the understanding of temperature, pressure, and gasses. The former refers to the proportional expansion of gases given an equal increase of temperature at constant pressure; the latter points to the independent exertion of gasses, as if they are the â€Å"only gas[es] present,† upon their mixture â€Å"in a closed vessel† (Weber, 2000). Charles’s Law helps comprehend the phenomenon occurring within and outside the present-day air conditioner when temperature increases or decreases. M oreover, The Law of Partial Pressures provides a greater depth in understanding the gases that come in and go out from the air conditioning machine. However, the theory of present-day notion of air conditioning is traced highly to Michael Faraday’s 19th-century equation concerning gases and constant pressure. According to Freudenberger (2006), today’s scientists are able to figure out the quantitative measurement of the absolute zero: -273.15 degrees Celsius. In this theoretical state, cold is very much evident while heat is utterly absent. In Thermodynamics, heat is a form of energy. Since the theory of cold signifies the absence of heat, then the law of heat is quite essential in fully comprehending the nature of cold or cooling. In explaining the processes involved in

Critical Comparison between Questionnaires and Focus Groups Essay

Critical Comparison between Questionnaires and Focus Groups - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of research as a systematic or scientific way of searching for knowledge. Research provides answers to questions by uncovering hidden truths. An individual can conduct a research to familiarise with a certain phenomenon or discover new insights on a familiar phenomenon. Research can also be conducted to test formulated hypothesis on a phenomenon or describe the characteristics of the object under study. Therefore, the kind of research approach that an individual utilises is based on the purpose and objective of the research. Research can be categorised in many ways. One such way is descriptive versus analytical research. Descriptive research is conducted to investigate various aspects of a phenomenon. A researcher in this case aims at finding out facts about research objects. It may include surveys and enquires on the current situation in the researcher’s area of interest. In a descriptive research, the researcher simply reports fac ts about variables. The researcher has no control of over variables and cannot manipulate them in the study. Therefore, the researcher gives a description of variables as they exist in their natural environment. Descriptive research is useful in measuring objects. In this kind of research, different methods are used depending on the nature of the study and the researcher’s preferences. Comparative and correlation research methods are used in descriptive research. Analytical research involves using the facts collected on a phenomenon to evaluate that phenomenon. Therefore, the researcher does not just gather facts about research objects but also uses those facts to analyse or make judgements about the objects under study (Kumar 2008, p. 6; Kothari 2008, p.2). Research can also be categorised as fundamental or applied research. Applied research differs from fundamental research in that it seeks to provide an immediate solution to an existing problem. Fundamental research will g eneralise a problem and develop theories of how the problem began or how it can be solved. Thus, multiple solutions may be generated and analysed in fundamental research but the researcher gives his or her recommendation on the ideal solutions. Fundamental research is often referred to as basic research because an individual gathers facts for the sake of adding to their level of knowledge. Applied research is conclusive and provides solutions to research questions or actual problems in the area of study. Therefore, basic or fundamental research adds to the existing body of scientific knowledge while applied research provides solutions to problems (Ethridge 2004, p. 20). Research can be categorised as conceptual or empirical. Conceptual research is based on theories and is used to develop new concepts about a phenomenon. This research can also be used to reinforce or interpret existing concepts and theories. Empirical research does not consider the existing theories but relies on obs ervation. This type of research is based on data collected and conclusions are drawn based on observations. Empirical research is experimental and a researcher collects firsthand information on phenomenon. The research may manipulate things in an environment to achieve the desired results. Empirical research in most cases starts with a hypothesis or expected results from an experiment. The data collected in this case will be used to test hypothesis. Empirical research is used to describe relationships between two or more variables (Kumar 2008, p. 8; Burns 1992, p. 195). Research can be categorised as either quantitative or qualitative. This is the most common categorisation of research. Quantitative research is based on measurable variables. The main objective in quantitative research is to generalise collected data. Qualitative research focuses on collecting information on immeasurable variables such as human behaviour, emotions and feelings among

Prison Life History And Today

Prison Life History And Today Prison deals with prisoners from all kinds of backgrounds. Every prisoner has different problems and there are a range of services on offer to help them while in prison to prepare them for their eventual release. Prison is a place used for confinement of convicted criminals (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Aside from the death penalty, a sentence to prison is the harshest punishment imposed on criminals in the United States. On the federal level, imprisonment or incarceration is managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a federal agency within the department of justice (Gaines, Miller, 2009). State prisons are supervised by a state agency such as a department of corrections. Confinement in prison, also known as a penitentiary or correctional facility, is the punishment that courts most commonly impose for serious crimes, such as felonies. For lesser crimes, courts usually impose short term incarceration in a jail, detention center, or similar facility (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Prison life of the 1700s of an accused was not as strict. There were windows that the prisoners could look through in order to solicit for charity from the people walking by, and sometimes prisoners would be allowed to sell things at the prison gates (Prison life, 2011). Although there are many differences between the life of a prison in the 1700s and the life of a prisoner today, there are also many similarities. Each accused individual was captured by the police and taken to the nearest holding cell (Prison life, 2011). These cells were in prisons called local prisons. The individual was then let free or convicted of his or her crime. If convicted, the individual was taken to the closest common prison (Prison life, 2011). During the 1700s there were only local holding jails, common prisons, and houses of correction; later, during the 1800s prisons became more separated and prisoners were assigned to the appropriate prison (Prison life, 2011). The convicted were not stripped of their belongings like in todays prisons, but they were searched for weapons or objects that could be used to escape. Once inside, the prisoner was assigned a small cell made of hard walls, floors covered in dirt and rodents, and a bed (Prison life, 2011). If the prisoner was lucky, this bed consisted of a small hammock tied to opposite walls, but often times it was made of a wooden bench or the floor. For meals the prisoners were scarcely fed, but if they were, little rations of bread and water were given. Many times the prisoners died of starvation and thirst (Prison life, 2011). According to the Burlington County in New Jersey, in the 1800s when the prison was initially designed, each inmate was to have his or her own cell with a fireplace and a narrow, unglazed window placed above eye level (Prison life, 2011.)The rules of the jail directed that prisoners were to be bathed, deloused, and have their clothing fumigated, and that each cell should have a bible or prayer book to improve the soul. Individual cells, planned for felons or criminals, were arranged in sets of four, opening off a short hall at each end of the building (Prison life, 2011). These blocks of cells were to house separate groups, such as routine criminals, first offenders, or women. The bigger rooms on the main hallways were to provide accommodation the debtors, imprisoned for owing money. These were common rooms, sometimes holding three or four men at a time, although there are some records that indicate that up to 30 debtors were housed at one time in the jail(Prison life, 2011). During t heir day, debtors were to be allowed to move about the jail, working at various cleaning chores or employed in the basement workshop (Prison life, 2011). Then the dungeon or maximum-security cell was in the center of the top floor (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). That location was carefully chosen to prevent escape by digging, to minimize communication with criminals in the cell blocks, and to ensure constant surveillance by guards making rounds. This was the only cell without a fireplace. It is flanked by niches for guards or visitors and has one very high, very small window and an iron ring in the center of the floor to which the prisoner could be chained (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Until 1888, the jail keeper and his wife and family would live in two rooms on the first floor of the jail. The Keepers wife was anticipated to supervise the female inmates and the Keeper was to execute the rules of the jail as devised by the prison board, which was composed of members of the freeholders. The Keeper and his family lived in these quarters until the adjacent brick house, connected by a passageway, was constructed on the corner of Grant and High Streets (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). In keeping with the purpose designed into the structure, the basement level enclosed workshops where prisoners were expected to learn a useful trade, such as how to make brooms, baskets, or shingles (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). The notion didnt work, given the short time most inmates spent in the jail, and over time, the workshops became used as minimum security cells. Another, less supervised pastime of the inmates that endured through the ages was prisoner graffiti (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Depicting humor, despair, and a belated piety, several fine examples of this art have been photo conserved and are on display throughout the building. The felons eating room, also in the basement, allowed controlled access to the exercise yard with its twenty foot wall. Outside, prisoners could tend a small garden of fresh vegetables. In one corner of the yard, an area was set aside for the gallows, which were dismantled and stored between hangings (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Food, linens, cleaning supplies, and craft materials were stored in the basement near the kitchen, baking, and washing facilities. Once a day, the prisoners were to be served a main meal of meat and vegetables. The other two meals were usually cooked cereals or grains. They had milk and cider to drink, as well as water (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). One of the inmates was made chief cook, preparing all prison meals, and that inmate slept in a basement cell next to the kitchen. Large washtubs were provided for laundry and regular baths for the prisoners (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Also the relatively few women who were imprisoned at the beginning of the 19th century were confined in separate quarters or wings of mens prisons (Sullivan, 2006). Like the men, women suffered from filthy conditions, overcrowding, and harsh treatment. In 1838 in the New York City Jail known as the tombs, for instance, there were forty two one person cells for seventy women. In the 1920s at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, there were no separate cells for the twenty five or so women serving sentences up to fourteen years (Sullivan, 2006). They were all lodged together in a one room attic, the windows sealed to prevent communication with men. But women had to endure even more. Primary among these additional negative aspects was sexual abuse, which was reportedly a common occurrence. In 1826 a woman named Rachel Welch became pregnant while serving in solitary confinement as a punishment and shortly after childbirth she died as a result of flogging by a prison official (Sullivan, 2006). Such sexual abuse was in fact so acceptable that the Indiana state prison actually ran a prostitution service for male guards, using female prisoners (Sullivan, 2006). In addition, women received the short end of even the prison stick. Instead of spending the money to hire a matron, women were often left completely on their own, defenseless to attack by guards. Women had less access to the physician and chaplain and did not go to workshops, mess halls, or exercise yards as men did. Food was brought to their quarters, and they remained in that area for the full term of their sentence (Sullivan, 2006). As fearsome as the prison seemed, it was not escape proof. The walls were scaled and the roof penetrated many times in its history. The chosen routes to freedom seem to have been through the roof of the jail, and along the yard wall or the roof of the passageway to a place of descent. One notable escape occurred in 1875(Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Four inmates punched a hole through the ceiling of an upper corridor cell to gain access to the roof, went down the sloping front wall and down around the woodpile beside the prison yard gate. A fifth accomplice was too large to fit through the hole and insisted at being left behind (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Despite a quick response by the warden, it seems that at least some of these escapees were never caught. In the Burlington County Jail, some criminals were fated to spend their last days on earth. State law mandated that criminals convicted of a capital crime were to be executed in the County in which they were found guilty, and Burlington County was no exception (Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). Several public hangings were conducted in the prison yard on a gallows erected for each occasion. Originally designed to house approximately 40 prisoners, the Burlington County Prison held over 100 inmates when they were moved to a converted armory that formerly stood behind the jail. Overcrowded conditions required yet another, larger prison which was erected in 1983(Johnson, Wolfe, Jones, 2008). The daily life in Folsom State Prison back in 1880, prisoners were woken up by an early morning bell and were dressed and beds had to be made and stand in their cell doors with their night buckets (Prison life, 2011). Once they were unlocked they marched down to the middle of the building where there was a set of steel doors that were hinged to the floor (Prison life, 2011). When they filed out for the day, they would all dump their nights waste from the bucket down a hole and then limestone would be thrown in the hole and water to flush the waste away. At dinner they would take to with them at so when the prisoner got locked up for the night again, they had their toilet with them (Prison life, 2011). During that time the prisoner would eat beans for dinner which were place on plate and not utensils were used. You had to eat with your face down in the plate and no talking was ever allowed. If you were good prisoners could earn the right to eat boiled beef and vegetables (Prison life, 2011). However if you were a con boss, which is somebody who is the boss of other prisoners, prisoner could then eat a variety of stewed meats and vegetables that were in season and use tin dishes and have utensils and talk during dinner(Prison life, 2011). Prisoners of Folsom State Prison generally worked seven and half hour days with no break. They completed their work day by early afternoon and lights out was enforced by eight o clock with no exceptions (Prison life, 2011). Another example of past prison life was in the Andersonville prison during the late 1800s; to cope with the horrible conditions within the stockade, prisoners turned to various activities (Prison life, 2011). They carved objects, sang songs, played games such as checkers and cards, read any material they could get, and wrote letters and diaries. Letters home were censored by prison officials, and many never reached their destinations. Other prisoners, intent on escape, spent time digging tunnels (Prison life, 2011). Although there are no records of successful escapes via tunnels, some men did escape, mainly from work crews when outside the prison. The horrendous living conditions at Andersonville resulted in the deaths of thousands of prisoners (Prison life, 2011). Now moving forward to current day prison life, In Arizona, the state prison system has four levels; minimum, medium, closed and maximum. As an inmate goes up in custody level, the less freedom they are allowed. A minimum custody inmate typically lives in dorm style housing units and an open yard (Ranzau, 2009). Inmates would get woken up at 5:30 a.m. and they have free rein to walk the yard, go to chow on their own at the designated times and attend any classes and work assignments they have chosen until the yard locks down for the evening at 8:30 p.m (Ranzau, 2009). A closed custody inmate lives in a two-man cell with controlled movement. Controlled movement means that officers escort the inmates anytime they leave their housing unit (Ranzau, 2009). A closed custody unit usually has a cluster of cells in a building with one control room called a pod. The control room uses a computer to access the doors to the cells though keys can be used to open cells in case of a power outage (Ran zau, 2009). This particular closed custody unit is staffed with one officer in the control room and one floor officer in charge of two pods of inmates (Ranzau, 2009). The inmates are escorted by an officer everywhere they go, either individually or as a group. They are escorted as a group to the chow hall for their meals and to the recreation field for their exercise (Ranzau, 2009). Medium custody inmates also live in a dorm style setting similar to minimum custody inmates. Medium custody inmates have some controlled movement but are not escorted by officers (Ranzau, 2009). The control room officer, only letting out certain segments of their dorm at a time to eat or go to recreation, controls the movement. There are officers on the yard to make sure the inmates get to where they are supposed to go (Ranzau, 2009). A maximum custody unit is strictly controlled. The inmates are only allowed to leave their cell one hour a day to go to a recreation pen. These inmates are fed in their cells through food traps in the door (Ranzau, 2009). These inmates are usually considered the worst type of inmate or they may need protection from the general population for information they have given staff or for something they did on the yard (Ranzau, 2009). One would think prison life everywhere would run as smoothly as this, but no. Currently at Pelican Bay State Prison in northern California there are more than 1,200 inmates, its one of the largest and oldest isolation units in the country, and its the model that dozens of other states have followed. It is a maximum security prison. Although all the inmates are in isolation, theres lots of noise such as keys rattling, toilets flushing, and inmates shouting out to each other from one cell to the next(Sullivan, 2006). Twice a day, officers push plastic food trays through the small portals in the metal doors. It is said they only contact that you have with individuals is what they call a pinky shake, which is when you stick your pinky through one of the little holes in the door. The hallways shoot out like spokes on a wheel(Sullivan, 2006). In the center, high off the floor, an officer sits at a panel of blue and red buttons controlling the doors. The officer in the booth can go an entire shift without actually seeing an inmate face to face (Sullivan, 2006). Far below, an inmate walks a few feet from his cell, through a metal door at the end of the hallway, and out into the yard. The exercise yards at Pelican Bay are about the length of two small cars. The cement walls are 20 feet high. On top is a metal grate and through the grate is a patch of sky (Sullivan, 2006). According to Sullivan, Associate Warden Williams says they dont allow inmates to have any kind of exercise equipment. Most of the time, they do push-ups. Some of them just walk back and forth for exercise. (Sullivan, 2006). It is just basically to come out, stretch their legs and get some fresh air. Each month, officers squeeze soap, shampoo and toothpaste into paper cups for the inmates (Sullivan, 2006). Even though are issued a jumpsuit, in two days at the facility, there doesnt seem to be a single prisoner wearing one. All of them are wearing their underwear, white boxer shorts, t-shirts and flip-flops (Sullivan, 2006). In the psychiatric at Pelican Bay, some inmates stand in the middle of their cell, hollering at no one in particular. Anothers bang their head against the cell door. Many of the inmates are naked, some exposing themselves. Obviously prison life can play a huge toll the mentality. One in 10 inmates in segregation was housed there. Theres even a waiting list (Sullivan, 2006). Recently in Georgia the horrible treatment and conditions of the prison made headlines. Finally fed up with bad food, unjust treatment, poor education and inadequate health care, thousands of inmates in Georgias prison system staged Lockdown for Liberty, which was a peaceful protest on Dec. 9, 2010. According to Charlene Muhammad, a national correspondent for the Final Call newspaper; all of the Black, White, and Latino inmates from Augusta, Baldwin, Hancock, Hays, Macon, Smith, and Telfair State Prisons refused to leave their cells for work and other activities, partly because they feel the Georgia Department of Corrections treats them like slaves(Muhammad, 2010). Ironically in a 2006 report, Human Rights Watch characterized conditions in Georgia prisons as appalling. Many inmates were vulnerable to degrading treatment due to overcrowding and unsanitary facilities, the report added (Muhammad, 2010). More recently, the State Departments 2008 human rights country report for Georgia noted that the countrys prisons and pre trial detention centers failed to meet international standards. It also expressed concern about Georgian Justice Ministry data that showed 94 inmates died while in custody in 2008(Muhammad, 2010). Overcrowding is a huge issue also. Today, there are approximately 20,000 prisoners in Georgia, a 300-percent increase over the past five years, according to a 2009 PRI report (Muhammad, 2010). Georgias prisons are some of the worst in the U.S. Cells are overcrowded, packing prisoners into confined spaces like sardines (Muhammad, 2010). Prisoners are forced to work, doing the maintenance and servicing of the prison for little or no pay. The guards are corrupt and violent, instigating fights between prisoners for their amusement (Muhammad, 2010). Prisoners are forced to pay outrageous costs for the most minimal health care. On top of that most prisoners are denied access to programs for education beyond obtaining a GED. Overall Georgia spends $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the national average. The lack of funding shows in how prisoners are treated. (Muhammad, 2010). Every day prison life for women differs from daily prison life for men. Unlike male inmates, women in general do not present an direct, violent physical danger to staff members and fellow inmates. In fact, hardly any female prisons report any major instances of violence (Saxena, 2008). Violence is more often than not concentrated only in male prisons. In addition, female prisons do not involve the anti authority inmate social code oftentimes established in male prisons (Saxena, 2008). In male prisons, life in prison is normally governed by mandates set forth by gang leaders. This includes no snitching, not cooperating with authorities, and attacking disloyal members. Gang activity is greatly reduced in female prisons (Saxena, 2008). Furthermore, the little bit of gang activity that does occur in female prisons doesnt end up affecting the whole infrastructure like in a male prison (Saxena, 2008). However, being restricted does cause a lot of sever anxiety and anger for many women, especially since they are separated from their families and loved ones (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Sometimes, women are in prison while pregnant and are oftentimes forced to give birth in the prison. Afterwards, their child is either instantly removed, or permitted to stay with the mother for a short period of time (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Woman can also partake in conjugal visits, but this will not make up for all the lost time. Women in prison also cope with their problems differently. Unlike men, who direct their anger outward, female prisoners tend to revert to more self destructive acts in order to deal with the situation. In fact, female inmates are much more likely than male prisoners to mutilate their own bodies and attempt suicide (Saxena, 2008). These activities include simple scratches, carving the name of their boyfriend on their body, and cutting their wrists. Wrist cutting is actually a huge concern amongst prison officials (Saxena, 2008). Blood released from wrist cutting can spread to others and drastically increase inmates and staff members risk of contracting an STD like Aids or hepatitis (Saxena, 2008). Another method utilized by female prisons for adapting to prison life is the falsehood of a make believe family (Gaines, Miller, 2009). These groups normally contain masculine and feminine figures that act as fathers, mothers, brothers, and sisters. Unceremonious marriages and divorces may even be performed (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Sometimes, an inmate may hold multiple roles. For example a woman can play a sister in one family and a wife in another. Oftentimes, gay women play the male roles (Gaines, Miller, 2009). Although an extreme difference in prison life exists between men and women, the hurt and frustration still remain the same (Gaines, Miller, 2009). What can be said, though, is that women deal with the situation differently than men. In a study conducted by Mark Fleisher in 2006, according to Heidi Cool, Fleishers research was the first cultural study ever conducted on prison rape in U.S. prisons. This study includes research that he has done over the past twenty years on prison culture. Between 2003 and 2005, Fleisher composed information about prison life rapes by interviewing 564 inmates in mens high security and womens medium and high security prisons in the United States (Cool, 2006). The controlled interviews, with open ended questions, lasted between 90 minutes to, in numerous cases, six to seven hours and generated a widespread compilation of prison slang involving sex and rape and national cultural themes about prison rape shared by inmates across the country. Fleisher figured out that prison inmate life is a culture that is determined by a need for social order and the behavioral rules of prison sexual culture is drastically different from sexual conduct rules for outside of prison (Cool, 2006). The problem of consent is complicated on so many levels but in the end, consensual sex as we know it doesnt have an equivalent meaning in prison inmate culture, he states horrible images of unsafe prisons and widespread rape. The culture of prison sexuality, as well as ideas on rape, are not simply community beliefs transported inside prisons, rather they are different beliefs and create a different social reality (Cool, 2006). There is no equivalent in inmate sexual culture thats equal to our perception of rape. Once a person enters and begins their prison life, they start reexamine their sense of sexuality; men and women who may have never before engaged in same sex relations will probably try it at some point during their sentence (Cool, 2006). Majority of same sex relations are voluntary, which means they dont have to do anything they dont want to do (Cool, 2006). However not all same sex relations are essentially deemed by inmates as homosexual relationships in the prison culture. Theres a broad range of same sex behavior but inmate culture views several acts as homosexual while other related acts are considered straight (Cool, 2006). The only true freedom they have in prison life is their sexual freedom. Another finding that surprised Fleisher according to Cool, was that in the worldview of both men and women inmates, there is a strong belief that men and women have a homosexual identity at their core and that having same sex relations in prison help them come to terms with this emergin g sexuality(Cool, 2006). As for lesbian experience for women, studies have established that even experienced inmates come across heterosexual women with husbands and children, begin same sex relations within days and weeks of their arrival but upon released return to heterosexual behavior (Cool, 2006). Both men and women inmates put in plain words that same sex relations among those different with it as curiosity (Cool, 2006). Within prison life, inmate society interprets mens slow but sure involvement in same sex behavior as getting in touch with their feminine tendencies (Cool, 2006). Inmates say that the bulk of them dont have sexual affairs but eventually an inner homosexual prevails in the life of a prisoner (Cool, 2006). Furthermore, it is very infrequent for the women to be raped or obligated into sex by male or female staff; nevertheless personal relationships can develop between sexual relations. Believe it or not female inmates state they do not participate in having sex with male or female staff members unless it benefits them in some material way (Cool, 2006). Some of the benefits may include bringing them perfume or cigarettes or giving them money, which can be used for food, soap or stamps (Cool, 2006). Within Fleishers report, women prisoners say they will not deal with unnecessary sex among them and staff, although they have been notorious to use allegations of unwanted sex to acquire a transfer or to get revenge in a against a staff member (Cool, 2006). Evidence informs us that presently over 300,000 instances of prison rape occur in a year. 196,000 are projected to happen to men in prison in addition to 123,000 are estimated to happen to the men in county jail. (Cool, 2006). Obviously life in prison has evolved for the better but yet seems to get worse for todays times. It maintains that survival of the fittest mentality and almost an updated caveman reality. Prison life will never get better unless we get over crowding under control and get better standards as to how they are ran.